The Keys of Territorial Expansion The Trail of Tears

The 1800’s in the history of the united states of American highlight a time when the industrial revolution was gaining momentum, production and other forms of economic growth were vibrant then. At the height of this, there came a time when the American economy needed to further expand in territory so as to accommodate productivity and domesticate the production in the land that was originally theirs’ as their very own. To do this, a series of legislations ensued; cold wars, hatred and animosity plus even death came followed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Keys of Territorial Expansion: The Trail of Tears specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There arose the deliberate and conscious move by the United States through its allies around the regions they wanted to have occupied to force them the smaller communities to yield. They forged treaties, agreements and other documents they could have to show for their actions, and further more to validate their actions, but then again these were always to their advantage as these were totally different societies with different classes of people, as such the superior class always had the upper hand dealing in official matters and drafting these â€Å"legal treaties†. The need for expansion triggered the west ward expansion. This move intended to capture a region traditionally known to belong to Indians. The debate that came about as a result of that move much of the time focused on relationship between the United States and these Indian communities that had occupied these regions for centuries. This debate was torn between the clamors for delivery of rights equally to individuals within the confines of democracy. Those who opposed this move argued that the United States should follow precedents from other colonial masters in Europe that had initially settled within North America in the first century around the 1400’s. Other co lonies that had resisted their being colonized by Britain continued to grow and expand due to their increasing need to get land to settle their people in. These debates to remove the Indians were to a great length discussed in details in the US congress. Many of the proponents were of the opinion that the whole agenda for their removal is expansion. Their negotiations bordered on the policies of the United States pooled together with the packs they were bringing to the table as compensation. They came to the table pretending to be equals with the Indians, yet at the back of their minds they considered them savages, primitive and devoid of free thought and civility (Shaw, 199). There was a flip side to the whole thing altogether, nationally there developed resistance to the removal of these people. This was at a high note particularly those of the Cherokee community. This resistance combined both forms such as polemics, petitions, general communal gatherings and public debates whose main motions centered on this. The parties opposing the removal were advancing their arguments around the following points; one of them is that the US should implement policies that were applicable to the cases of the affected and that they should be in tandem with their past agreements that would ensure the ties and terms of the agreement are upheld as pertains to honoring the rights of the Indian community.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second one is that in their quest to expand, they should regard the Indian communities as humans with human needs, as such the only difference between them and the Americans is only their habitat and way of life. The proponents of the removal were in support of Georgia’s campaign to rid these people off their land, and expel them off their own land in total disregard of their ways of life. The then American president in every way supported Georgia’s campaign to expel these communities, not that Georgia would benefit but his own country was strategic and would gain more. While making a presentation and arguments on the subject, Jackson â€Å"continually said that he was convinced that he was in the right in advancing Georgia’s interests. He also maintained that he was not being mean spirited in exiling the Indians, but instead was working for the interests of all concerned in his endeavors, as he had: †¦the conviction that I was laboring in the cause of humanity, and to promote the best interest of the Indian, as well as the white race†(Lamar, 39). He pegged his support on the expulsion of the Indian community on two main points, that he was â€Å"relieving his own state from the encumbrance of her Indian population, and †¦ other states in like condition†. His second reason was a build up on the first statement, that he was anxious improve the living conditions and standard of lif e of the Indians by raising them up above the knuckles of the influence of the state government (Lamar, 40). The move began with Georgia’s legislature passing a law that allowed the federal government to control all the land in the western side; as such they were only required to make a pledge of nullifying all the Indian titles within the region. In this part, the Cherokees were the vast majority with big chunks of land in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and Virginia. Georgia executed brutality and denial one of the most fundamental basic human right- the right to justice. They made it illegal and against the law and even factored it in their newly written constitution that it was illegal for a member of the Cherokee community to file a case in their legal systems against a white person. This was a response to the Cherokees’ Nation decision to proclaim the sovereignty of their land and exercise total jurisdiction over the land that was originally theirs. The communities a t loggerheads in this sense were the Seminoles, who had differences with those who were staying in Florida. The creeks were entangled severally in military confrontations with the federal government’s army in Alabama and the state of Georgia. The Chickisaw were in confrontation with the Choctaw tribe, of whom altogether had disputes against the aliens that had migrated and settled along Mississippi.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Keys of Territorial Expansion: The Trail of Tears specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States president, Andrew Jackson came up with the solution that would see all these communities moved to Oklahoma. When he ascended to presidency, he engineered congress to pass the Indian removal act in 1830. His reason for doing this had been that it would ensure the white invaders got land, would bar foreign invasion through provision of security and also encourage civility among the Native Americans that dwelt in these regions. In a speech during his first tenure as president, he stated that this move â€Å"will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions; will retard the progress of decay, which is lessening their numbers, and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the government and through the influences of good counsels, to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community.† The Native Americans in Oklahoma were compensated though. They were allocated land in an area that later came to be referred to as the Indian Territory. Other tribes chose to use the money to buy land and do other communal activities such as building infrastructure. In 1835, a part of the leadership of the Cherokee signed another treaty called the treaty of new Echota. The treaty gave up all the land that t raditionally belonged to them to the United States, in exchange to some chunk of land within the Indian Territory. Most of them opposed this move by their leaders but they were forced to trek. In October 1838, almost 15000 people began the trek that was later to be called the Trail of tears. The journey was about 800 miles, people travelled on foot. An estimated amount of 4000 people died in the journey due to hunger, cold weather and other barbaric conditions they were exposed to during the trek. In general, it is assumed that close to 70,000 Native Americans were forced out of the five states of Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama and Georgia (Limerick, 51). Works Cited Lamar, Howard. The Frontier in History North America and Southern Africa Compared. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. Print. Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West.  New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1987. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shaw, Bill. Paying homage to a brutalized people, a wagon train follows the infamous Trail of Tears. The People Weekly (Dec. 1988): 199. Print. This essay on The Keys of Territorial Expansion: The Trail of Tears was written and submitted by user Lizard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet

Anne Bradstreet â€Å"Gender† The Struggles and Fears of being a Puritan mother and a puritan woman, Bradstreet had trouble writing poetry in a patriarchal, unimaginative world. Although Bradstreet grew up in affluence with the luxury of an excellent education, she was expected to behave as a normal Puritan woman. She was the wife and child of colonial governor, but her status could not save her from the maltreatment and contempt of women stepping over the line. The Puritan belief that a woman’s place is in the home perturbed Bradstreet. She did not agree with the cultural bias toward women in her time. Bradstreet was criticized harshly for her role as a female writer; nevertheless, she wrote more and more about being a woman. She showed the world that being a woman was to her advantage in the realm of her poetry. As Perry Miller explains, in an era that subordinated women to men and men to God â€Å"women who stepped beyond their domestic defines through literature- by reading or writing- were co nsidered dangerous to themselves and to society†¦Puritans expressed considerable scorn for women who wrote or published† (360-61). On the other hand, Elaine Showalter offers the remark that â€Å"Bradstreet’s writings [i.e. her important later writings] is more inflected by gender than by nationality; it is not American.† Alvin H. Rosenfeld states that â€Å"There is the primary fact the [Anne Bradstreet] was a woman poet, and we look to her accordingly for that special point of view that belongs to the feminine sensitivity and which, we hope, will provide certain details of life in early America missing in the writings of her Puritan brothers.† (Rosenfeld 1970, 79). In fact, many critics believe that Anne Dudley Bradstreet’s feminine sensibility has always attracted scholars searching for details of early American life absent from the writings of her male contemporaries. Some Critics make a range of claims about... Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet Free Essays on Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet â€Å"Gender† The Struggles and Fears of being a Puritan mother and a puritan woman, Bradstreet had trouble writing poetry in a patriarchal, unimaginative world. Although Bradstreet grew up in affluence with the luxury of an excellent education, she was expected to behave as a normal Puritan woman. She was the wife and child of colonial governor, but her status could not save her from the maltreatment and contempt of women stepping over the line. The Puritan belief that a woman’s place is in the home perturbed Bradstreet. She did not agree with the cultural bias toward women in her time. Bradstreet was criticized harshly for her role as a female writer; nevertheless, she wrote more and more about being a woman. She showed the world that being a woman was to her advantage in the realm of her poetry. As Perry Miller explains, in an era that subordinated women to men and men to God â€Å"women who stepped beyond their domestic defines through literature- by reading or writing- were co nsidered dangerous to themselves and to society†¦Puritans expressed considerable scorn for women who wrote or published† (360-61). On the other hand, Elaine Showalter offers the remark that â€Å"Bradstreet’s writings [i.e. her important later writings] is more inflected by gender than by nationality; it is not American.† Alvin H. Rosenfeld states that â€Å"There is the primary fact the [Anne Bradstreet] was a woman poet, and we look to her accordingly for that special point of view that belongs to the feminine sensitivity and which, we hope, will provide certain details of life in early America missing in the writings of her Puritan brothers.† (Rosenfeld 1970, 79). In fact, many critics believe that Anne Dudley Bradstreet’s feminine sensibility has always attracted scholars searching for details of early American life absent from the writings of her male contemporaries. Some Critics make a range of claims about...

SAT German Subject Test Information

SAT German Subject Test Information    Haben Sie studierte die deutsche Sprache fà ¼r eine Weile? Ist Ihr Deutsch ausgezeichnet? If you know what were rattling on about, then perhaps you may do well on the SAT German Subject Test. Its not for the faint of heart. It is, however, for those Studenten who want to show off the years of study theyve put into the language. So, whats on it? Keep reading for all the basics. Note: This test is not part of the SAT Reasoning Test, the popular college admissions exam. This is one of the many SAT Subject Tests  which are  designed to showcase your scholarship in all sorts of fields. SAT German Subject Tests Basics Before you register for this test, (which only pops up once a year) here are the basics about your testing conditions: 60 minutes.85 multiple-choice questions.200-800 points possible.Conforms to the German spelling reform (Rechtschreibreform) as much as possible.2 different types of German questions: Reading comprehension and Vocabulary/Grammar in context. SAT German Subject Test Questions So, whats actually on the test? What kinds of questions will you be answering? Heres the way in which your German fluency will be tested: Sentence and Paragraph Completion: Approximately 42-43 questions. According to the College Board, these questions test vocabulary and grammar. They require you to know the meaning of words and idiomatic expressions in context and to identify usage that is structurally correct and appropriate. For each omission, you must select the choice that BEST fits each sentence. Reading Comprehension: Approximately 42 - 43 questions. The passages here are taken from printed materials such as advertisements, timetables, street signs, forms and tickets. There are also several prose passages followed by questions that test your understanding of the passages. The passages, mostly adapted from literary sources and newspapers or magazines, are generally one or two paragraphs in length and test whether you can identify the main idea or comprehend facts or details in the text. Why Take the SAT German Subject Test? In some cases, youll need to take them, especially if youre considering choosing German as your major. In other cases, its a great idea to take the German Subject Test so you can showcase that highly sought-after skill of bilingualism. It shows the college admissions officers that you have more up your sleeve than your GPA. Taking the test, and scoring high on it, demonstrates qualities of a well-rounded applicant. Plus, it can get you out of those entry-level language courses. How to Prepare for the SAT German Subject Test To ace this thing, youll need at least two years (but preferably four) in German during high school, and youll want to take the test as close to the end of or during your most advanced German class you plan to take. Getting your high school German teacher to offer you some supplementary study materials is always a good idea, too, and it never hurts to ask a kindly German neighbor or grandmother to speak with you once in a while in German.  In addition, you should practice with legitimate practice questions like youll see on the test. The College Board offers free practice questions for the SAT German Test along with a pdf of the answers, too. Sample SAT German Subject Test Question This question comes from the College Boards free practice questions. The writers have ranked the questions from 1 to 5 where 1 is the least difficult. The question below is ranked as a 4. Der Prsident hat gestern Abend eine . . . gehalten. (A) Rede(B) Sprache(C) Nachricht(D) Erklrung Sample Answer Choice (A) is correct. Yesterday evening the president gave a speech (A). The expression â€Å"to give a speech† is rendered idiomatically by eine Rede halten. It does not make sense to say that the president gave a language (B) yesterday evening, and it is much more likely that the president gave a speech than a message (C) or an explanation (D).

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Government - Essay Example This would politicize the entire education system since the appointed education leaders have to act in favor of the governor’s preference, but not in accordance with the people’s desire. An independent state elected board such as Texas Board of Education should play the role of overseeing and managing the education in states. This will help in bringing positive tension in the education system since the board will carry out its functions with independence from the political leaders such as the governors (Robelen, par. 4). I agree that governors are probably correct when they say that individuals look at them as the leaders of a state’s education system. Governors are usually involved in the leadership of the entire state, which implies that the governor acts as the head of education leaders of a state. Hence, he has to take part indirectly in the leadership of a state’s education. I have an opinion that decision making in education must be depoliticized. De-politicization of decision making in the education helps in the implementation of education policies through considering nonpolitical influence, which develops the education

Difference between Mac and PC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Difference between Mac and PC - Essay Example In this article, Rob delineates the differences between Mac and PC in detail to enable the potential buyers to decide upon the computer that satisfactorily fulfils their requirements. This free video available on the above-mentioned web page deals with the differences between PC and Mac computers. The anchorperson who explains the advantages that Mac has over PC is a certified computer technician who perfectly knows what he is talking about. My project was pertaining to the differences between PC and Mac computers. The given project introduced me to the intricacies of both the PC and Mac computers. Though, I was initially aware of some of the differences that existed in the two computers, pursuing this project made my knowledge more in-depth, elaborate and thorough. After accomplishing this project, I feel more confident and proud. It is a surprise that in today’s techno savvy world, though people freely use technology in their day- to-day life, there are only a few who actually know about the features inherent in a given technology. Such shallow approach towards technological understanding definitely has a negative impact on the proficiency with which a technology could be used. Before deciding between choosing a PC or a Mac computer, it is important for a user to understand one’s needs and requirements. Both the technologies have their unique strengths and weaknesses. People mostly do not know that if they are not interested in gaming, Mac decisively offers several advantages over PC. This project has not only refined my research skills, but has also made me more interested in special differences existing between two competing technologies. This newfound interest will go a long way in helping me make the best use of the available technologies under different

Samsung semiconductors

Samsung semiconductors Introduction Samsung Semiconductors is a leader in semiconductor electronics worldwide. Samsung Semiconductors is a leader in electronic components like DRAM and SRAM memory chips, flash memory components, thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels and screens, and system LSI products (digital technologies for home and mobile applications). These components are used in a wide range of applications, including computers, consumer electronics, and industrial equipment. Samsung semiconductors is part of Samsung Group, a Korea based international conglomerate. Samsung Group is an international conglomerate corporation headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. Samsung is involved in a wide range of businesses, from consumer electronics to petrochemicals, from advertising to life insurance. Business is divided into various industry groups including electronics industries, machinery heavy industries, chemical industries, financial services and other affiliated companies. Quality plays a very important role in a business like semiconductors, where, even a minor quality issue could potentially cause a lot of damage to reputation and the products that use this product. This study focuses on the Quality management program at Samsung, its certifications, its policy etc. The study also investigates the quality management system at Samsung through an audit. Company Background (http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/aboutus/AboutUs_Profile.html) Founded in 1974, Samsungs Semiconductor Business started with the acquisition of Hankook Semiconductor. Initially the operations started as developing and mass producing ICs and peripherals for consumer electronics like LED watches, televisions, audio players and microwave ovens. In 1983, Samsungs evolved into a leading semiconductor manufacturer with the successful development of the 64Kb DRAM. Subsequently Samsung opened the Giheung Semiconductor Complex, its first memory fabrication facility in 1984. Since then, Samsung has been consolidating its position in the semiconductor segment. Samsung has been the market leader in Memory since 1993, and in NAND Flash since 2003. In 2001, the company expanded its System LSI Division and the opened its SoC Research Lab and signalled its long term commitment to logic and analog chip development. Samsung defines its vision as Creating the Future: There is no waiting for the future it must be created. Accomplishments must be recognized, but we must quickly move on to new frontiers in developing even better and more innovative products and technologies. We must be nomads in the sense that we are never satisfied with past successes and accomplishments, but are continuously searching for new areas to explore and develop The business is divided into three major divisions: Memory: The Memory division designs and manufactures integrated circuits for storing digital information. Since the time it developed worlds first 64 GB NAND chip in 1992, Samsung Electronics has maintained its leading position in NAND flash memory. Samsung was the first company to apply 40nm-class process technology in mass producing DRAM. It has also diversified into fast growing segments like mobile devices and game consoles, with its proprietary OneDRAMà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, OneNANDà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and Flex-OneNANDà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, and distinctive MCP (multi-chip package) solutions. Samsung also pioneered the development of Solid State Drives (SSDs), when it introduced its first 32GB SSD (PATA) in March 2006, followed by a 64GB SSD in June 2007, 128GB SATA II SSD in July 2008 and 256GB MLC-based SSD began in November, 2008. System LSI: The System LSI division designs and manufactures application specific devices, micro components, logic ICs, analog ICs and image sensors. The division caters to 3 major market areas mobile solutions, home media solutions, and ASIC foundry services. Intends to focus on five strategic products areas DDI, CIS, mobile application processor, chip card IC and media player IC. Storage: The Storage division designs and manufactures hard drives. These devices are used in notebook PCs, desktop PCs and consumer electronics. The smaller sized hard disk drives like the 1.8 drive are used in personal media players, cell phones, PDAs, navigators, MP3s and other mobile applications. Also has a line up of high capacity external hard disk drives. The Semiconductor Business has 15 production facilities around the world. It has fabs in Giheung and Hwaseong, Korea (near Seoul), and in Austin, Texas, while the IC assembly plants are in Onyang, Korea and Suzhou, China. Also operates 10 hard-drive manufacturing facilities in Gumi, Korea, which boasts of highest quality production, with automation that enables it to rapidly adapt to future technologies. RD and Patents: Samsung focus on RD is emphasised by the fact that, of the companys 33,500 employees based in Korea, over 30% have work duties dedicated to research and development. The company also has research centers in San Jose (California), Suzhou (China), Yokohama (Japan), Bangalore (India), and Tel Aviv (Israel). The company has invested US$6.3 bn in RD in 2008 which is around 9.5% of its annual sales. Samsung Electronics has registered 3,515 US patents in 2008, a 29.0% increase over 2007. Quality Management Quality is defined as a measure of the level of excellence or standard of a product or service. Quality management is defined as ongoing effort to provide services that meet or exceed customer expectations through a structured, systematic process for creating organizational participation in planning and implementing quality improvements. (gapproject.org, 2009) (http://www.qaproject.org/methods/resglossary.html) Quality management has three main components: quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. It is focused not only on product quality, but also the means to achieve it and therefore uses quality assurance and control of processes as well as products to achieve more consistent quality. Quality control: Quality control is defined as a process employed to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or service. This might include any actions that a business might feel necessary to provide to ensure control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. The aim of quality control is to ensure that the products, services, or processes provided meet specific requirements and are dependable, satisfactory, and correct. The task assigned to a quality control team in an organization is to identify products or services that do not meet a specific standard of quality and act accordingly. Quality control sometimes is used not only for products, services, and processes, but also for people. These are specially used in service oriented industries. Sometimes quality control is mistaken for quality assurance. The difference is that while Quality control is concerned with the product, Quality assurance is process-oriented. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-qu ality-control.htm) Quality Assurance: Quality assurance (QA) is the process which involves the testing of products or services to make sure that they meet or exceed quality expectations. It refers to a series of tasks that involve systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are consistently met. It generally involves guidelines on the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components; services related to production; and management, production and inspection processes. Quality Improvement: Quality improvement is defined by ISO as a part of quality management focused on increasing the ability to fulfil quality requirements. The International Standards Organization is a certifying authority on quality management. The family of ISO 9000 standards represents an international consensus on good quality management practices, consisting of standards and guidelines relating to quality management systems and related supporting standards. The ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 9000:2008 series are based on eight quality management principles. These include Customer focus, Leadership, Involvement of people, Process approach, System approach to management, continual improvement, Factual approach to decision making and Mutually beneficial supplier relationships. (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/management_standards/iso_9000_iso_14000/qmp.htm) Quality at Samsung (http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/support/qualitymanagement/support_QualityDocumentSystem_Audit.html) Samsung electronics defines its Quality Policy as It is our Quality Policy that we deliver on the basis of an effective quality system the best products and services that exceed our customers requirements and expectations. Samsung Electronics has been the leader in the industry in quality standards since 1993, when the company first received top-level (ISO9001) certification of its plants in Korea. Over the years all domestic and overseas semiconductor sites of Samsung are ISO 9000 certified. The System LSI business unit also acquired the QS 9000 in 1999. Samsung certification milestones include: 1993: ISO9001 for semiconductor plants in Korea 1999: ISO 9002 for semiconductor plants in Austin, Texas; and Suzhou, China 1999: QS9000 for System LSI plant in Korea 2001: TL9000 certification of all semiconductor plants in Korea 2002: QS9000 certification for memory business, assembly and test plants in Korea 2004: ISO/TS16949 certification for Memory System LSI division, assembly and test plants in Korea 2005: ISO/TS16949 certification for semiconductor plants in Suzhou, China 2008 ISO/TS16949 certification for semiconductor plants in Austin, Texas Samsung implements continuous improvement through a closed loop methodology consisting of a selection of critical parameters, evaluation of the measurement system, monitoring of critical parameters, process capability improvement, and reaction plan. The main objective of this is minimizing the variation around the target. Activities: At its facilities, Samsung uses the following techniques for Real Time Monitoring for Special Causes: Interlock System: Samsung continuously monitors products and processes and controls them by automatic interlock systems throughout the manufacturing process In the FAB, it has implemented a three stage protection system: Process Recipe Interlock (Incoming Materials and Recipe Check), Equipment Parameter Interlock and Process Output Interlock In the wafer sort process, wafers are statistically monitored based on various test results and yields before assembly Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Advanced Process Control (APC): Samsung has implemented an advanced SPC system suitable for semiconductor manufacturing processes. The control is used for random trend monitoring. It includes short run, small change detecting, particle, and multivariate SPC modules. The APC system includes real time control and run-to-run control, which is successfully used for controlling deterministic process behaviours For common cause activities which are implemented in company-wide Improvement Projects, Samsung uses the following techniques: FAB Equivalency Copy Intelligently: Implements Samsung Equivalence Test program, which checks the equivalency and non-equivalency of measurement data of output characteristics from Copy Intelligently activities The purpose of this activity is to lead it to standardize the output characteristics between lines or equipment Statistical Post Processing: implements statistical analysis on test results at wafer sort. This not only optimizes test effort but also gives useful information such as potential reliability and yield. With statistical approach, wafers or dies with latent risks are effectively screened and dies are binned according to potential risks Virtual Metrology and Modelling: Implements virtual metrology to construct predictive models that can forecast the electrical/physical parameters of wafers based on data collected from processing equipment. Using this process can eliminate actual measurements from wafers. This combined with the APC leads to a shift from Lot-to-Lot control to Wafer-to-Wafer control Samsung feels that employs are very important in quality management. In order to equip employees with the required skills for maintaining quality, Samsung organises Quality Education Training courses. These courses are targeted towards improvement of employees quality awareness and statistical skills. It offers employees multiple chances to apply for an examination of international Quality Reliability Engineer license. It also encourages its employees to apply for CRE(Certified Reliability Engineer) CQE(Certified Quality Engineer) and several other ASQ Certifications. In the year 2009, 47 engineers obtained CRE licenses and 55 obtained CQE licenses at Samsung. Quality Audit Quality audit is defined as a review in which a designated auditor analyzes and verifies various records and processes relating to a companys quality program. The objective of a quality audit is to determine whether the company under observation is complying with its quality program or whether it needs to make any amendments to its business practices. Sometimes companies also perform a quality audit in order to know whether it is complying with certain quality standards, like those set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000. Usually, a quality audit is generally conducted by an independent auditor or internal team of auditors who have expertise in the area. Typically in a quality audit, involves the following steps. The designated auditor will first formulates a system audit plan, which usually details the timeline, scope, location of the audit, any written documentation that will need to be reviewed as well as any interviews that will need to be conducted. Then he meets with individuals at the company who are responsible for the companys quality program, examines any applicable records and checks if the companys businesses practices align with its written quality program. If the investigation suggests that the company is not following the written quality program, he would document the information accordingly. The report generally contains a summary of all of the evidence that was reviewed. Audits are of three types. Third Party Audits, which are done by an independent and recognised audit organisation, second party audit, which are conducted by those people who have a high interest in the final outcome of the audit and first party audits, which are done only internally. Quality Audit at Samsung (http://www.samsung.com/global/business/semiconductor/support/qualitymanagement/support_QualityDocumentSystem_Audit.html) (Not rephrased as this is actual policy) SBQA (SAMSUNG Semiconductor Business Quality Award): It is the system under which the audit is conducted for all business units and sites and for each unit of the team/division/line units. The audit is conducted once a year to ensure the provision of information at the quality management level and is mandated to improve all related areas based on the customer satisfaction index of each unit in each development and production area. Corporate Theme Audit: It is the system under which the audit is conducted at the corporate level to diagnose and improve weak areas at the corporate level and to prevent the occurrence of accidents. Supplier Audit: It is the system under which the audit is conducted to ensure improvement by providing new certification, the ratings, and the incentives for suppliers. Audit Information Control Infrastructure: The Company conducts an integrated control of all information generated from the establishment stage of the audit plan until it is closed upon its conclusion. Audit Implementation The following are the steps followed in conducting the audit. First task was to plan the audit. Then this followed by designing a questionnaire. The questionnaire used in my audit is as detailed in Appendix-1. The next step was to perform the audit. It involved taking permission from different people to help in taking part in the audit. This step also involves being familiar with the questions on the questionnaire so that one can be more efficient in collecting the evidence in this regard. I have audited the company by exchanging views some people who are involved in the Samsung quality monitoring process. Also I have used inputs from various employees and customers through a series of questions posed to them about their knowledge of quality at Samsung. The next part after conducting the audit, I summarised all the audit results, so that it gave me more information as to how things were working and also gave me an opportunity to see if I have completed gathering information on all th e questions on the checklist. The most important step was next-evaluating the audit which was conducted. This involved checking if the organization met all the categories which are mentioned in the checklist and how far the quality is maintained with regards to the standards. Then the final task was to make a report based on the quality audit. The report also involved making suggestion that it could be implemented by Somerfield in improving the services and quality of the products. Conclusion The audit conducted on Samsung revealed a lot of insights into the company. During the audit I found that Samsung has a wide variety of products which were sourced from many different countries. I have also found various details about the quality management systems at Samsung, the various quality certifications held by Samsung. I have audited the company by exchanging views some people who are involved in the Samsung quality monitoring process. Also I have used inputs from various employees and customers through a series of questions posed to them about their knowledge of quality at Samsung. Through my audit, I have realised that Samsung follows most of the quality management systems. The areas where i found that Samsung lacked was that the quality policies are not effectively communicated to employees and that the policy for quality is more centralized. I make the following recommendations based on the above interactions. Recommendations An open book policy, especially with its employees and small customers, is necessary to be maintained by Samsung if it has to keep its tag of quality to be upheld. The company needs to allow its consumers to access its quality records so that the consumers are assured of the goods that they are receiving. Policies towards the environment have to be reviewed regularly. This has to be done so that environmental standards are met. Environmental issues are becoming issues of high importance and Samsung needs to be a part of the policies that involve making the world a better place because of its policies. Although Samsung is a part of the environment group, it has to develop more policies towards setting up more stringent rules to be more environments friendly. Staff forums and groups should also concentrate on revealing the results of the audits. This transparency will help to create a better environment to help work well. The staff would be motivated if there are some positive points in the audit and they will be motivated to work better on the not so good points. Major operating groups do not have separate policies. This is disadvantageous as some operating groups need to have special policies that cover the whole range of work that needs to be checked upon. Some groups may not fit into a frame work that the policy of the Samsung has to offer and hence it is essential to make made to order policies. References

Summary of the Lesson

Toni Cade Bambara: Lesson for Change Toni Cade Bambara was a renowned author, educator and civil rights activist. She created short stories that drew attention and awareness to the social, political and economic issues of her time. â€Å"Bambara always insisted that social commitment is inseparable from the production of art. † (Andrews, Foster and Harris 22) â€Å"The Lesson†, published in 1972, is a short story from the collection, â€Å"Gorilla, My Love†. This story’s purpose was to bring the social inequalities that were prevalent within the urban community to the forefront of the minds of the readers.The intention was not only to bring the issues to light, but to empower people to make the necessary changes in their lives and to â€Å"wake up and demand their share of the pie† (542). â€Å"The Lesson† introduces us to an undereducated group of children from a poor urban community and the woman who takes them through this journey of disco very, Miss Moore. The story is told through a first-person narrative by a young African American girl named Sylvia. Sylvia is a tough, proud, stubborn child that keeps her true thoughts and emotions hidden away.She begins the story by introducing us to Miss Moore, with whom she is not particularly fond of. Her opinion of Miss Moore seems to be largely affected by the influences of the adults in her life. This begins to show us how a lack of parental responsibility can affect the minds and perceptions of our children. I agree with this because my children emulate everything I do. As a single mother, all of their attention is on me and for the first few crucial years of development, I am their only teacher. They will learn from these experiences and examples that we set .The parents in â€Å"The Lesson† do not seem to be very responsible; the children are often pawned off on their aunt and they speak negatively of Miss Moore when she is not around. Miss Moore is an educated bla ck woman who seeks to educate the children about the ways of the world. â€Å"She’d been to college and said it was only right that she should take responsibility for the young ones’ education† (537). She is the perfect example of a good role model. It is a summer day, Sylvia isn’t happy when Miss Moore gathers them up for yet another lesson.On this particular day Miss Moore is asking the children questions concerning money. She explains to them about expenses and â€Å"how the money ain’t divided up right in this country† (538). They take a trip to Fifth Avenue to visit a F. A. O. Schwartz, a high end toy store. When they arrive she has them look through the window to view the displays. One of the children, Ronald, shows interest in a microscope that costs $300. They discuss how long it would likely take to afford it and one of them suggests that he would outgrow it first.Miss Moore tells them â€Å"you never outgrow learning instrumentsâ €  (539). Education is her next valid point, to be successful and change your way of life you need to be educated. You are never too old to get an education and improve your chances in a better life, and I am living proof of this. I have been out of school for twelve years and I want a better life for my family. I am back in school being a better role model and getting the skills needed to improve our quality of life They continue looking through the window of the store. Then, they see a sailboat priced at $1195.They are all shocked, and now Miss Moore tells them it’s time to go inside. Miss Moore lets them take the lead. Sylvia is reluctant to go through the door, and she doesn’t understand it â€Å"I feel funny, shame. But what do I have to be shamed about? † (541). As they make their way to the sailboat, everyone tip toeing around, afraid to touch anything- Sylvia compares it to a Catholic church. When they get there, Sylvia just stares at the price tag. T hen, Sugar runs her fingers across the boat, making Sylvia jealous and angry. She hides the way she feels and lets Miss Moore know that she wants to leave.The experience has opened her eyes to this other end of the spectrum of society. I believe this is to show how the other side lives to drive the readers to pursue more for themselves. While I understand the need for Bambara to use the extreme examples in the story, at the same time the costs are too extreme even for now. It is unrealistic; the majority of Americans could never afford to throw away that much money on a toy. As a child I was not as unfortunate as the children in this story, we started out in a trailer park and built up a better life for ourselves.Even now, I never would have had a toy that costs as much as a car. On the way home Sylvia starts calculating and contemplating all the things that could be done with that amount of money- rent, bills, groceries, vacations. She wants to know who these people are and â€Å" what kind of work they do how they live and how come we ain’t in on it? † (542). She is angry with Miss Moore for making her aware of her quality of life. When Miss Moore asks them about the day, Sugar responds clearly in a way that shows she understood the lesson. â€Å"This is not much of a democracy if you ask me.Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? † (543). Though Sylvia is stubborn and won’t reveal her thoughts you know she understands too. She knows that there is more out there for her and can strive to make her life better. She walks away thinking about the day and becomes empowered saying, â€Å"ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin. † Though Toni Cade Bambara wrote this story about the African American communities in the 1960’s and the social inequalities that they faced- this story’s lessons are still extremely valid.I fell that though she used extreme circumstances, they were necessary to paint the picture. Without the imagry the point wouldn’t have had the same impact. It is up to you to make the necessary changes in your life to succeed. Lead by example and don’t settle for less because your future is in your hands. Works Cited Andrews, William L, Frances Smith Foster and Trudier Harris. Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. n. d. Bambara, Toni Cade. â€Å"The Lesson. † The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson, 2011. Print.