AIDS is a global enormity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

AIDS is a global enormity - Research Paper Example HIV is a virus that is not able to live exterior to human body, therefore for its transmission no vector comes under need, and it is necessary for humans to have intimate connection with each other. Transfer of human body fluid is the only potential mode for transmission of infection. This means that HIV can come under transmission through sexual intercourse. Through many research conducted by specialist, the fact have been revealed that a critical portion of the female population have contracted HIV infection after a heterosexual contact. If a person has more than one sexual partner, he or she is more likely to enter the risk of HIV infection through the exchange of semen and vaginal fluids. In addition, in the Western world, studies show that both male and female prostitutes are under high risk of suffering from HIV infection as most of them practice unprotected sexual intercourse. The chief cause for contraction of HIV infection is the heterosexual contact throughout the world and the cases are increasing at an unprecedented rate.Another mode of transmission of the AIDS-causing virus is through the usage of intravenous injection that already carries the germs of HIV on it. If the sharing occurs between a HIV positive person and an uninfected person, it can lead to the transfer of the HIV from the infected person to the uninfected one through the contaminated needle. When the same equipment(s) comes under usage for an uninfected person, it may enter into his blood stream through any opening in his skin... In order to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS it is necessary to take proper measures. It is of high importance to make a barrier between body fluids to curb down the chances of exchange of materials including HIV from them. Male and female condoms are considerable protections that can act as a hurdle between body fluids. Awareness programs and campaigns can work a great deal. People should understand the preventive measures of the spread of this infectious disease. In many countries, people do not discuss about sexual issues openly and consider it unethical. Their mindset can come under alteration through awareness about the nature of the disease. In order to encourage people for using precautions, government of poor nations should provide their citizens with free condoms.Another preventive measure on the part of the medical workers working in the laboratories where blood tests come under performing is that they should cover their bodies properly with lab coats, gloves, goggles, an d masks. This prevents the invasion of HIV into their bodies via any wound. Programs should focus on discouraging the drug users from taking drugs, but as it will take a long time to convince them, meanwhile a scheme should come under offer, which provides the drug users with sterilized needles in exchange of contaminated ones. When a donor donates blood, it should come under high profile testing to check for the presence of HIV so that the recipient can come under protection from getting the infection.Mode of transmission of the AIDS causing virus is through the usage of intravenous injection that already carries the germs of HIV on it. If the sharing occurs between a HIV positive person and an uninfected person, it can lead to the transfer of the HIV from the infected person to the uninfected one.

Brief a case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brief a case - Assignment Example The nephew assigned Louisa Hamer (P) the funds. P brought suit against the executor of Willian E. Story (the uncle) estate, Franklin Sidway (D). During the judgment, the case was ruled in favor of P but later on appeal reversed in favor of D. P appealed (1967). Yes. Mere abstention from a legal conduct that is permissible is sufficient consideration to seal a promise that is based on forbearance of a valid contract. Consideration is not taken as a benefit to the person who promises. When a someone’s offer is ambiguous regarding whether accepting it shall be in form of exchange of promises or performance, determining if the person who offered was indifferent to whether accepting be in form of performance or promise is realized by interpreting the language for the offer under the circumstances it was given. According to the court’s rule concerning this case, the language of the offer was clear that the uncle sought acceptance not by a promise to perform but by performance. D argued that the contract was not valid for it did not have consideration, and there is no consideration unless there is a benefit to the person who promised. Refraining from a thing that someone is entitled to do is enough to create an enforceable contract. Under the bargain test for consideration, Hamer forbearance was somehow a benefit to Sidway and a detriment to him. D benefited by having his nephew refraining from a conduct he did not like and P faced a detriment by denying himself the conduct’s

Why the mobile phone is important device Essay Example for Free

Why the mobile phone is important device Essay ‘The mobile phone has become an indispensable accessory in most people’s lives’. Explain why the mobile phone is now such an important device. Nowadays, we always face a situation that everyone is holding a mobile phone in everywhere. Maybe someone is texting and someone is playing games. So, is it meaning the mobile phone has become an indispensable accessory in most people’s lives? This essay will focus on the importance of mobile phone. The definition of ‘mobile phone’ maybe imprecise after some time passes. The meaning of ‘mobile phone’ is just a small machine which is use for communicate with someone at real time before 2008. People are just speaking and listening with other side. But the definition of ‘mobile phone’ is changed along with the invention and popular of ‘Smart phone’ since 2008. ‘Smart phone’ means there are a mount of functions grouped in a small machine. For instance, face to face real time communication, voice message, enjoys the music, photo taking and Internet. The next paragraphs will describe the importance of mobile phone based on 3 aspects. In the technology aspect, people are related to use mobile phone because there are a mount of functions grouped in a mobile phone. People can use it for communication, text, Internet, recording video. Also, some of the mobile phones are allowed to conduct word processing. That is a treasure for the office workers and students especially. So, this is a portable minicomputer and assistant of everyone. About the communication aspect, mobile phone provided a great platform for people to build their public relationship. For example, people can access to their Facebook by their mobile phone in everywhere. So that they can communicate with others and update their status without regional restrict. Certainly, they can check the status of their friends and celebrities at any time. Moreover, mobile phone provided various communications ‘App’ for people. Such as Whatsapp, Skype, Wechat and Line. These are significant tools nowadays. It is because people can use these apps to communicate with others without regional restrict at moment to moment. People can text, voice message, share photo or video, share location, share contact, Walkie Talkie  and video call in these apps. Therefore mobile phone is now such an important device for everyone. On the other hand, mobile phone is not just a communication machine nowadays. It is changed to be an accessory with fashion. As the luxury design of the outlook and the higher level of the price, there are a significant of people think that mobile phone is an accessory which can show off their fashion sense. So that is an indispensable accessory in most people’s lives. Due to the useful and convenient of the mobile phone, it has become an indispensable accessory in most people’s lives. But people should remember that they cannot be engrossed on it.

The Status of Women in Islam

The Status of Women in Islam There are many things in the current scenario and talks of the days which highlighted the many facets of sociological aspects that give emphasis to women empowerment and their status in the society. As we are aware, and when we relate back to history of women and their status, we often come across the scenario in which many societies across the globe do give little relevance as far as women right are concerned. That is to say the right of women and their status in the society is concerned to be precise; although women have always been the benchmark in any given society. Moreover, scholars have also argued that the worth and relevance of any given society can significantly be judged from the position that it gives to women in particular. (Singh) This is true and presents some good food for thoughts to begin with. Either in Indian, Islamic or English society, each one of it has a lot of things that defines the many facets of women and their role in particular. Women role is also very important and presents the many facets of the society and its dimensional outlook, which is why the subject matter that arises also emphasizes on the facts encompassing women status in Islamic world. But what is Islamic world? To begin with, tracing the historical relevance of Islam there is point to note that just after the death of Prophet Mohammed, the religion and cultural dimension of Islam spread like wildfire. Islam as a religion is emancipating in a sense, and its influence in many cultures around the world also cannot be sided apart. The spread of Islam in three continents of the world also has many interesting stories to relate. (Anonymous) Together with it, fact of the matter is that Islam and its status today as a religion are emphasized as the second largest religion, next only to Christianity. (World religions: Islam: The second largest world religionand growing.) Given that status in contention, the question of its cultural dimension also arises, that is to say the status of women in Islamic world. But what is important to note is the fact that Islam as a religion posit the many salient feature and relevance that emphasis on the equality, fraternity and stands against any ethnic or racial discrimination, and people from any background and social standing are welcomed with open hands. (Anonymous) Keeping in contention this historical insight of Islam, we feel that discrimination as far as the fairer sex is concerned also is less. This is in part based on speculation and part on the belief that women are always given high due and honorable place in the Islamic society. However, the sad state of affairs is that the stereotypes that women faced in the patriarchal society are very demeaning to begin with when we relate back to the time gone by. Stereotyping always happens and is a reality as far as women and their status are concerned. However, the tide in that regard is heading in the right note these days, given that role of women in any given society is very significant and present a whole lot of new world and meaning. The emancipation of women happened with a great cause to liberate women to say so literally by women rights groups and feminist. Although as a sociological phenomenon, issue encompassing women status in Islam has raised many debates and conception also arises either from the fact that perception and people understanding of Islamic were wrong and prejudiced in a sense. (Yahya, 2010) This is what we emphasize to bring into fore the subject matter discussion that should relate a lot about the status of women in the Islamic world, which is discussed below in brief. Subject Matter Issue and Purpose The very first question that arises as far as the subject matter goes is whether there has been a place for women in the Islamic society? Speculating to this thought we feel that women status and influence of Islam are interlinked and presents many significant points to relate the characteristic that are relevant. To begin with the issue and its discussion at hand, we feel that the eminence that Islam identified with women folks or the fairer sex also traces a place in the holy book the Quran, that directly states the relationship between man and women in context of Gods commandments. (Yahya, 2010) Thus, it should be defined herein that the subject matter research of this report in brief is to relate the many significant aspects of women status in Islam, then, now and in the times to come, especially from comprehending the many relevant scenario that trace its place in women rights, their empowerment and all in the between the point that concerns with the status of women in Islamic world. However, we take a step to discuss in that regard, we feel that a debate in context of Islam and women in the Islamic society also should be noted again, as one point to trace the significant characteristic of Islam and the speculated prejudiced that registers with people and wrong impression of women status in Islamic society, which is as follows. Islam and Women: The Ideal Combination? This is one point of the subject matter contention that should concern any given society and religion, and not Islam only. However, given the subject matter, we feel that only the salient characteristic and dimensional foreground of Islam and women in Islam should be noted, so as to derive a clear and significant understanding to the subject matter discussion. What is important to note in that regard can be compared and contrasted between women before Islam and after. That is to say in simple meaning of the term the direct realization of women and Islam in particular. Scholars and learned men over the ages have emphasized is the facts that Islam as a religion then and now have always gives importance to the correct Islamic behavior that are required of Muslim women in order to preserve their women characteristics as far as modesty is concerned. (Qaradawi, 1999) Modesty as far as the fairer sex goes is very crucial facet of any given behavior that is expected. Add to it, scholastic impression is also of the opinion that the revelation from the Quran also posits many important points to note the factor concerning men and women relationship, which is an exemplification of women status and their eminence. (Qaradawi, 1999) As far as Islam and its essence goes again in context of women status, the important point to note is that in all respect Islam demonstrate the equality of race, gender and social status, which in any point of the arguments also signify the real essence as to the factor encompassing the ideal combination that women are accorded towards. Take for example the facts of the matter in which Islam as a religion brought into force awareness of women rights, their role and responsibility, apart from the identity and personality that defines the many fabrics of their independence and moral obligations. (Anonymous, Status of Woman in Islam) This point in what we feel presents a significant justification of the subject matter arguments. In that understanding of the term, we feel that Islamic setup is an ideal world for women. And Islamic women since the historical times have always held these recognition with high regards and the obligations that comes with it. That is why we feel that Islam as a religion and its recognition of women role, and their status is an ideal combination. Women Rights and Duties within the Religion of Islam As per the Quran, there is every factor that reveals the facts and its sermon in particular that full justice should be given to the status of women in direct contention of the point between men and their relationship with women in the society. In that respect the idea of Islam then and now also emphasis the facts and suggest to some extent the equality of rights, that is to say the responsibilities accorded to men and women and most importantly the duties that both men and women are regarded for. (Yahya, 2010) For the better part, as we relate to the subject matter study many insight from the Quran also presents a great definition about the status of women in the Islamic society. That is to say, as par Islamic modes and the conventional features of it also cannot be sided apart. Together with it the status of women and their role within the religion of Islam present a complex relationship between men and women, however, there are great many significant features which demonstrate the facts that the Quran and Islamic text also give a clear definition of the right and duties of women in the Islamic society. Take for example the modesty and decency in any given arrangement which Islamic women displays, which make us think at times is one factor and the highest achievement for humanity and its cause in all its essence. (Anonymous, Status of Woman in Islam) Thus in that regard, the ideal Islamic women as per Islamic notion of the term is one who is aware of her modesty, and most importantly understands the values of being a women in behavioral fronts and how to preserve it. For the better part, there are instances that can be related from the Quran which is exemplified by Imam Qaradawi, who noted that lowering the gaze in one factor that defines the most important feature of women characteristics. Lowering the gaze as per the Quran extract signify the fact that it is a sheer display of modesty and that which is one crucial and most important ornament of a women. (Qaradawi, 1999) This is one reason and the essence of it that we still see women in Islam today displaying and observing the purdah system. It is important though to differentiate and signify the relevance of purdah system from many objective point of views, especially in context of the Islamic text and the Quran, which states the modest that comes with and that which is expected from women. Hence, with a clear understanding of what women modesty is all about, we feel that there is noting wrong as far as the purdah system goes. But critics today often goes to the extent to exaggerate the matter, which in all matter and subjective debate of it presents some wrongly held notions and misconceptions. For some people it may be not be an ideal combination when it matter to preserve the modesty in Islamic context. The western world conception and speculation making the rounds also is wrongly noted and with all misrepresentation. However, one important point to note again is the fact that good morals that are directly communicated through the Quran are universally compatible in all respect as far as human nature and behavior goes. Together with it, we feel that Islamic notion of women status and their rights also is valid in a sense, traditionally and contemporarily, given that it emphasize the real nature behind all such undertakings, be it the idea of modesty or that which defines that male and female are both equal in deeds and that which also exemplifies the obedience and humble nature that are an exemplification of women right and duties in all respect, (Yahya, 2010) as far as Islamic society and their notion of it goes. The Social Aspect of the Women and Their Roles The role of women in Islamic society is much enhanced to begin with. Accordingly to Islamic law, the role of women in direct contention with male counterpart is equal. One eminent scholars also is quick to point that the the status of woman in Islamic setup posit no foreground that is problematic in a sense. What is significant to point again in that regard is the fact that bear testimonial from the Quran and its extract, which relates that women and their role in the Islamic society is as vital as men, and nothing as such which can be termed as inferior or so in gender assimilation of the case arises. (Abdul-Ati) This bring back into contention the point noted by Harun Yahya, in which it is related that men and women, together with their role and responsibility are equal in term of their tasks as well as the responsibility of rewards for punishments in any given situations. (Yahya, 2010) In fact it should be noted that the historical assimilation of civilization also traces the significance in which it is noted that following the advent of Islam, women of the Islamic societies in particular has a much better and higher social positions and respects. And once again there is no relevance that signifies the point in which it is held that women are looked upon as an object in any capacity. (Yahya, 2010) Fact of the matter is that within the Islamic context, there is no point in which women in Islamic context are looked upon as an object be it as a mother, a child or as a wife or something that is looked upon as the product of the devil and or that which contemplate the seed of the devil. (Abdul-Ati) Women are god creation, so does all men. Thus, the status of women in Islam is something that which we can relate again as unique in matter of its expression and universality of idea that it generates. Together with it, women status is also novel in a sense because there is less similarity that can be derived in any other societal arrangements. (Abdul-Ati) Hence, the Islamic emancipation of women is what we can comprehend to be a factor that is wholly ingrained and traditionally imbedded to enhance the status of women in the society in any given arrangements within the Islamic notion and conception of women status and its idea that we can derived. One factor of it encompasses the facts that Islam brought about a great factor for the emancipation of women in the society, wherein tremendous improvement were initiated for the position of women in the Islamic society, where right and all in between endowing the features of property and all in between were accorded. (Yahya, 2010) Women Status in Islamic World Today Hence, as far as Muslim women and their role in the society today is concerned, there should be enough point to relate their contribution too, apart from being a mother, a wife that comforts her husband or responsibility in faith or any other aspects is as same as that what men professes and designates. (Ikhwan) Thus, there is every factor that should be emphasized again to the factor in which it should be held that understanding the role of Muslim women today is crucial. What we can relate to it is the factor that encompasses to their emancipation in true Islamic sense. That is to say, a woman by all rights should be given a thorough understanding, and not based in misconception and prejudices. Accordingly to Muslim principles, the womens role apart from being a mother and a wife also posits many roles in context of the modern society. Take for example the Islam notion and its assimilation in real essence which permits Muslim women to act upon certain other things that men are accorded. That is to say, women today have the rights to exercise the vote and to engage in political discussion and foster democratic thinking. Apart from it, modern Islamic women also can take up employment or for that can even extend her domains in far reaching grounds such as running her own business. There is not hing wrong in all these features and characteristic. Although the world and its understanding in that regard is all based on the prejudiced and full of misconception. (Anonymous, Understanding the role of Muslim women , 2007) Thus, what we can conclude is that women status in the Islamic world today is a direct example of the abovementioned facts. We can see woman in all background and corporate echelon making their mark, be it as doctor, nurses, teachers and corporate executive. There is nothing wrong in that. Muslim principle also directly supports all these factors. That is a direct retaliation of breaking the gender stereotypes in the modern society, although there is less of it in Muslim world. As highlighted in the BBC News as well, women are in their different role to contribute to the society, especially in Islamic world. Take for example the case in UAE, in which young Islamic women are finding their place in the workplace and standing out from the maddening crowd. Views in that regard when it concern women in the workplace be it as doctor, teacher, or executive bosses also varies. However, one important point to note is that there is no restriction as far as Islamic principles goes towards women and their status, (Sharp, 2005) but a direct exemplification in which it is held that women are accorded equal status in Islamic society. Conclusion Scholars have noted that the right of women in Islamic modern society today were not brought into contention as a matter of voluntary grants or an act of kindness. Although, what Islam have established for women is to emphasize here feminine side and nature that gives full security as a human being and against any disgraceful channel of life and its processes in the modern world that is full with vices and dishonest acts. (Abdul-Ati) Hence, in that capacity, we can conclude that the status of women in the modern society also can be emphasized from many angles that mirror the trends that are catching up. As far as Islamic women role and their contribution to the society today go, it is tremendous. The world has undergone many changes, so does the nature of human behavior. However, Muslim identities of a woman have not been compromised. Yet the best arrangements were made to mirror the essence of woman in Islamic world. That is to say for example the role of women in Islam, which again emphasize in traditional sense the purpose of life. (Anonymous, Status of Woman in Islam) Together with it, the virtue of human being is also one exemplification that ahs a lot to do with what we can define as the virtue that posit among human being and their essence and assimilation of the meaning in it. Take for example the differentiation that are not being accorded between the fairer sex and men in the society as far as Islamic notion of it concern in the modern society today. Thus in all relevance, the virtue of human being in Islamic notion and understanding of the term relates to the fact that men and women have the potentiality to acquire knowledge and its benign. Add to it, the exhibition of such gaiety is one factor that can again be emphasized in context of modern Islamic women and their status, where the spirit of piety and good behavioral and attributes are expected for the identity that Islam has accorded to women. (Anonymous, Status of Woman in Islam) Thus to conclude with, this is one important factor to begin with as we relate to the nature of Muslim woman today and her contribution to some extent that signify their identity and role in the society. The idea of women emancipation also did not happen at an instance, but it took a long historical course and social phenomena to trace all the salient features that identifies with Muslim women today.

The Applications and Making of Artificial Diamonds Essay -- Diamond Di

The Applications and Making of Artificial Diamonds Diamonds are very unique. Their hardness and beauty have enticed people for many years. Now some of the same attributes that make them appealing also make them useful. To understand these attributes the chemistry of carbon is very important. This unique chemistry is what makes them so hard to make. Much research has gone into the making of diamonds and this has led to many successes in the field. These discoveries have led to machines and processes that make diamond making more efficient and reliable. Of course, all of this research and discoveries would not be sought after if it was not for the many applications of diamonds. This is true for cosmetic, industrial and electronic purposes. Diamonds can be very complex but have many uses. The chemistry of diamonds is very interesting. Diamonds are composed mainly of carbon. Carbon can also exist as graphite, in a carbon chain or as buckminsterfullerene. It never forms bonds and leaves unshared electron pairs. In graphite the carbon atoms form an sp2 bonds. In this type of bonding an electron of the s orbital jumps to the p orbital to complete the octet with the other carbon atoms. When this happens it causes the orbital to flatten and the result is one big lattice in a two dimensional plane (Oxtoby). These lattices are attracted to each other not bonded to each other in compounds of graphite. Although they are made of the same carbon the diamond compound is different because of the type of bonds. Each atom forms four directional sp3 bonds instead of the three resonating bonds in graphite. This allows the diamond to keep its tetrahedral shape. It is also what makes the diamond so hard. The tetrahedral sh... ... January 1999. Elert, Glenn. â€Å"Presuures Used to Create Artificial Diamonds.† 1998. Frogley, Elizabeth. â€Å"Really Good Fake Diamonds.† November 6, 2002. Gurov, Ivan Ivanovich. â€Å"Method of Diamond Making.† November 2000. Hoover, Aaron. â€Å"Simply Brilliant: Uf/Russian Team Makes Gem-Quality Diamonds.† Science Daily News. August 1999. Krane, Kenneth. Modern Physics. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996. Oxtoby, Freeman, Block. Chemistry, Science of Change. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing. 1998.

An Argument for the Smoking Ban Essay -- argumentative, persuasive, ar

Have you ever been in a restaurant eating your favorite food, then just when you are about to take a bite, you inhale a cloud of smoke coming from the nearby smoking section? This has been a complaint from many non-smoking restaurant goers. While it is true that smoking cigarettes and breathing them in causes many health problems, is it fair to of take the freedom those Americans who want to smoke and enjoy their meal? This topic is very debatable and in many cases has reached compromises, but I would stand by the argument that smoking should be banned from all public areas because the unfiltered smoke is getting into the lungs of bystanders who do not smoke, and causing some major health problems, and in many cases death. Smoking is a simple process of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of tobacco, but it has deadly consequences. According to the American Cancer Society, smoking, damages nearly every organ in the body and is linked to 15 different types of cancer. Second hand smoking is another story. While the person is not directly inhaling the deadly toxins, they are involuntary inhaling the unfiltered part of the cigarette. There are two forms of smoke that second hand smoke puts off. These are side stream smoke and mainstream smoke. Side stream smoke is the smoke that comes off the end of a lighted cigarette, pipe, or cigar. Mainstream smoke is smoke that is exhaled by the smoker. Second hand smoke is a â€Å"known human carcinogen†, or a cancer causing agent. It has been linked to cancers of all kinds, ear infections, asthma, heart disease, lung infections, and death (American Cancer Society). So if we know that all of these terrible things come from inhaling other people’s cigarette s what are we doing to control it? ... ...se everyone who is surrounding the smoker is affected. Smoking should be done at one’s house or not at all. Smokers may not realize what they are doing when they smoke around other non- smokers, but they are hurting them. Those who oppose this ban, may believe that they hold strong arguments, but no argument can really beat out they argument between saving people’s lives and killing them slowly. This smoking ban will be for the good of the city of Fort Wayne, and for its entire population. Sources Cited "Secondhand Smoke" American Cancer Society, 2014. Web. 27 June 2015. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke "New report gives Indiana F's on smoking policies" Journal Gazette, January 29, 2015. Web. 27 June 2015. http://www.journalgazette.net/news/local/indiana/New-report-gives-Indiana-F-s-on-smoking-policies-4740538

CTV Newsnet Case Analysis

Chapter 3 CTV Newsnet [pic] 1. Abstract In January 2000, the CTV Newsnet was confronted with a threat to its reputation and growth. A tape with offensive remarks made by the News broadcaster Avery Haines’ were aired mistakenly, and it aroused great public indignation. By means of OB analysis, we found that Haines’ dispositional characteristics such as low emotional stability and lack of conscientiousness, heavy workplace stress, and different attribution processes conducted by the anchor, her coworkers and the audience may all be causes of that crisis.Therefore, we suggest that CTV Newsnet could deal with its reputation crisis and prevent the similar technical and behavioural mistakes in the future as the following: 1) communicating effectively with the viewers about the company’s value and attitude toward this incident, 2) setting up positive reinforcers and punishment rules to encourage desirable behaviour and eliminate undesirable behaviour, 3) holding periodi cal seminar to strengthen employees’ awareness of work ethics, 4) doing job redesign to verify job tasks and reduce working pressure, and 5) providing proper training programs to improve employees’ cognitive abilities and professional skills. Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2 2. Introduction 4 3. Case Analysis 4 3. 1 Personality 4 3. 2 Stress 5 3. 3 Actor-observer Effect7 4. Solutions8 4. 1 Operant Learning Theory8 4. 2 Coping with Stress 9 4. 3 Attribution Theory 10 5. Conclusion 11 6. Bibliography12 7. Appendices13 2. Introduction The news channel, CTV Newsnet, had been playing important role in practicing the CTV Inc. ’s philosophy which emphasizes the social commitment, such as caring about farming issues. However, in January, 2000, CTV Newsnet had faced a severe challenge to maintain its reputation.This incident started with the CTV Newsnet anchor Avery Haines, who had stuttered and flubbed while recording a report introduction on farmer issues. In order to c over her own embarrassment and ease the tension for other co-workers in the studio, she made a private self-deprecating joke which included inappropriate remarks about various minorities. Of course, they retaped this part, but later that day, a CTV technician mistakenly aired the wrong tape which included the error and the offensive comment to the public. Soon after, mountains of criticism and suspicions about CTV’s professionalism and integrity flooded into the company. The happening of this fatal mistake indeed had adverse impacts on the company’s reputation as well as its further expansion plan.Thus, the purpose of our report is to decrease the possibility of making small but fatal mistakes among employees and to improve their sense of responsibility. 3. Casa Analysis 3. 1 Personality and the Big Five Personality can be described as the individual’s personal style to deal with the world. For Haines, there is a whole mixture of features that describe her perso nality. When hiring Haines as a â€Å"Hostess† for CTV, Kowalski, the CTV News senior vice-president and general manager was applying one of the key concepts of OB: the fit concept (textbook P41). Indeed, Kowalski felt immediately that Haines is the right person to fit in the fast-paced and demanding milieu of TV. Kowalski was impressed by her personal and professional qualifications.At the professional level, Haines had won many awards, shown a high level of performance, and earned wide popularity. At the personal level, and according to the five-factor model of personality, Haines showed her openness (she was creative and eager to move forward from radio to television), agreeableness (she humbly accepted criticism and advice, and completely committed to the job) and extraversion (she was interested in everything and had quickly gained the support and affection from her co-workers) (Ng, et al. , 2005). However, her lack of emotional stability (self-confidence) and consciousn ess (responsibility) didn’t appear to Kowalski until the fatal errors occurred.In fact, Haines’ self-depreciating joke to cover her embarrassment and hide her vulnerability and awkwardness is a display of the lack of confidence and consideration of the consequences. According to the intereactionist approach, organizational behaviour is a function of both dispositions and the situation (George, 1992). Indeed, Haines was facing a weak situation where there are loosely defined roles and few rules, so it’s hard to define appropriate behaviour (Adler & Weiss, 1988). As a result, personality tends to have most impact in weak situations, which was the case of Haines behaviour. 3. 2 Stress It was a very long day in CTV, they were preparing for a show talking about the farmers’ story which attracted growing attention all over Canada, and Haines due to being stressed made her famous mistake.Stress can be defined as a psychological reaction to the demands inherent i n a stressor that has the potential to make a person feel tense or anxious (McGrath, 1970). In our case, the viewers of the broadcasting on the farmers’ issue were the potential stressors to Haines, whereas Haines was also the potential stressor to her co-workers. Haines’ personality which was discussed earlier can mainly determine the extent to which the potential stressor becomes a real stressor, and it also determines how she reacted to stress behaviourally, psychologically, and physiologically. This can explain why Haines can be a potential stressor who exerted in turn stress on the work environment in which employees actions were affected and the wrong tape mistake was made.In terms of Locus of control (which is a set of beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is controlled by mainly internal or external forces), Haines reacted in this way since she was an external person. This type of people are more likely to feel anxious in the face of potential stressors (Ng, et al. , 2006), and that’s the case of Haines when she made her famous mistake; she was stressed and started making jokes to overcome her mistake, unlike if she was an internal person (which internal factors determine her personality) she would have confronted her stressors. Furthermore, Haines suffered from managerial and executive stress, since she had a work overload on the day of the incident.Also, Haines has a heavy responsibility and her work carried considerate significance to CTV’s philosophy which addresses social commitment; thus, not only she was under great pressure but also her co-workers, which increased the possibility of the occurrence of the tape mistake. Finally, other general stress factors such as work-family conflict, Job insecurity, and role ambiguity might affect the level of stress among CTV employees and led to the problem in the workplace. 3. 3 Actor-observer Effect According to Attribution theory, people’s behavior can be attribut ed to dispositional and situational causes though they are not always accurate. When people are forming attribution to explain others’ behavior, biases and errors are hard to avoid.Thus, in the CTV Newsnet case, Haines and her colleagues in the studio did not perceive her joking as a big problem  ; on the other hand, viewers were more likely to attribute her comments to her real disposition. The fact that viewers and her co-workers had different perceptions of Haines’s joking reflected the actor-observe effect in attributing process (Watson, 1982).. In this case, Haines tended to attribute her making joke to some external factors. They may include her extreme tiredness with the heavy workload, the attempt to ease the embarrassment, and the certainty of a second recording. This is because Haines as an â€Å"actor† is more sensitive than â€Å"observers† (the audience) of the pros and cons that the environment offered (Textbook, p83).Moreover, she knew ex actly her own thoughts and intentions which is to get herself and her co-workers relaxed. In general, people know better anout how and why their behavior varies by situations, while the observers tend to guess. In terms of the perspectives of Haines’ co-workers, they would also attribute Haines’ behavior to the external causes because they understood Haines’ motivation and thoughts in that specific situation, and they also know her personality well. They usually saw Haines as a talented, reliable and unbiased person. Thus, coworkers might perceive her making improper joke as an accident due to the low consistency and high distinctiveness of her this behaviour (Medcof, 1990).As the observer of Haines’s behaviour, CTV viewers had high possibility to commit the fundamental attribution error through overemphasizing dispositional causes and ignoring the possible environmental factors that may incur her joke making (Jones, 1979). Because viewers lacked the know ledge about the constraints, private thoughts, feelings, and intentions regarding Haines’s behaviour, they intuitively assumed that the anchor’s making discriminatory remarks reflected her real thoughts. Hence, they inevitablly felt horrified and annoyed. 4. Solutions: 4. 1 Operant Learning theory What happened to the CTV Newsnet indicated two main problems that threatened the maintenance of its reputation and integrity, less professional broadcasting and inferior technical error. Both behavioural mistakes should be eliminated for the sake of the entire company.According to the operant learning theory, two approaches could help CTV newsnet to improve their operationing effectiveness. One approach is to use appropriate positive and negative reinforcement to stimulate desired behaviour. The other is to use extinction and punishment to stop undesired behaviour (Textbook P49-55). In order to avoid such basic technical misconduct on the short-term basis, the CTV managers co uld adopt positive reinforcement by establishing periodical employee recognition programs. They include offerring financial rewards quarterly or annually to error-free employees and employees who made significant progress in their work.Moreover, a long-term training and development program can be conducted for technicians to learn how to operate the broadcasting equipment properly and efficiently as well as to adopt new technologies and upgrade their professional knowledge. To minimize the similar mishap made by Haines, CTV should create clear communication channel between company and employees to encourage a more direct feedback. It will give help the organization find out their employees’ personal or work-related difficulties so that their performance can be enhanced (Peterson & Luthans, 2006). If employees’ problems were incurred by too much workload, managers should consider hiring extra staff or enhancing the efficiency of management to cut the workload for employ ees.If making mistake was due to the lack of job interest and enthusiasm, the company could offer employees the opportunity to rotate among different positions or grand employees more controling power over their tasks to raise their sense of involvement. Meanwhile, through the negative reinforcement, the upper management may also monitor employees’ job performance and behaviour. Building up a more strict set of operational rules helps prohibit undesirable behaviours in the studio. Any breach of the rules could lead to disciplinary actions such as a verbal warning, a written warning or an ultimate dismissal. Employees’ attemppt to eliminate these unpleasant outcomes (warning and dismissal) can motivate them to obey the rules (textbook, p50).Although punishment might cause unwanted impacts on employees’ working enthusiasm, it is a effective way to prohibit seriously adverse behaviour sometimes. It also serves as a sound warning for other potential mistake-makers a nd a necessary compromise for easing the public anger. In CTV case, Haines should be fired for her unprofessional behaviour though unintentional since it already incurred a huge wave of public irritation. The technician who played the wrong tape should also be punished for his or her carelessness. However, using punishment should always be careful. 4. 2 Coping with stress In order to reduce and overcome the stress which could occur in the work place now and in future, CTV should start implementing concrete actions.For example, doing job redesign that changes the job depth and breadth can rebuild the job tasks with more diversity and authority. CTV could socially support its employees by planning events and activities which can improve the employee’s social life. The human resource department could establish a family friendly policy for the employees, which will allow the staff to balance better between their job duties and family responsibilities (Grant & Parker, 2009). Final ly CTV could also introduce stress management programs and work balance programs to allow its employees to arrange their time and tasks effectively with a wisely designed working schedule. . 3 Attribution theory Concerning the above analysis, some work-related attitudes among employees in CTV Inc. should be modified or reinforced. Since attitudes can be modified through persuasively changing people’s beliefs and values (Textbook, p120), holding seminars and developing training programs can indeed help improve the work-related attitudes of CTV workers. First, employees should improve their awareness of the limitation of viewers’ knowledge about the journalists’ or broadcasters’ personal conditions. Interactive activities involving CTV employees and CTV viewers can be conducted to help them establish better mutual understanding.Then, mangers can hold discussion panels to reinforce the belief that working in CTV requires rigorous work ethics and extensive se nse of responsibility, especially as journalists and broadcasters. And through these trainings, the employees will be encouraged to ponder internal factors for their own behavior and be more aware that their self-perceived minor mistakes could be fatal to the further growth of their company. Besides, CTV Newsnet should enhancee its employees’ personal skills to maintain its professionalism and reliability. According to the concepts of job performance, individual job performance is heavily affected by his or her general cognitive ability, which refers to intelligence (Textbook, P149).Training programs can be conducted to refine speaking skills of the anchors so that they can be more careful and thoughtful about wording when broadcasting the public information. Moreover, periodical seminars can be held to retain employees’ proper consciousness of political, religious and ethnic issues and to enrich their storage of the relevant knowledge. 5. Conclusion About decade ago, CTV Newsnet anchor Avery Haines’ offensive remarks were aired mistakenly and caused great controversies in the public. The management was facing a severe challenge: the news station’s reputation and growth were threatened. Through OB analysis we have found that certain traits of Haine’s personality, i. e. low level of emotional stableness and ack of conscientiousness, workplace stress from too much workload and pressure, as well as different attribution processes conducted by the anchor, her coworkers and the audience may all causes contributing to the problem. CTV Newsnet could deal with its reputation crisis and avoid these technical and behavioural errors in the future by taking the right steps: communicating effectively with the audience about the company’s value and attitude toward this incident, setting up positive reinforcers and punishment rules to encourage desirable behaviour and eliminate undesirable behaviour, doing job redesign to clarify rol es and reduce workload, and providing proper training programs to improve employees’ cognitive abilities and awareness of work ethics. Bibliography 1. Adler, S. , & Weiss, H. M. 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